Data sources: Baseline climate conditions are derived from CHELSA v2.1 climatological normals (1981–2010) to maintain methodological consistency with the downscaled projections. Individual station observations may provide higher local accuracy at specific locations. Future projections are derived from CHELSA-downscaled UKESM1-0-LL SSP5-8.5 projection normals for 2011–2040, 2041–2070 and 2071–2100. SSP5-8.5 corresponds to a fossil-fuel–intensive development pathway associated with high greenhouse gas emissions and is widely used as a reference scenario for limited mitigation. UKESM1-0-LL exhibits comparatively high climate sensitivity and strong land–atmosphere coupling, providing an upper-range estimate of potential change. Spatial resolution is 30 arc-seconds (≈1 km at the equator).

Note on Köppen: Isotherm used to separate temperate (C) and continental (D) climates is 0 °C.

Note on Dickinson: Dickinson Classification refers to the system described in Dickinson, C. (2026). The Dickinson Climate Classification: A Taxonomic Thermal-Hydrological Partition of Climate State Space [Preprint]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18264770